Assignment 2

Nama  :Nungky R.A

NPM    :26213576

Kelas    :3EB22

1)  Explain cleary about active and passive sentences!

Give example (5 active sentences and 5 passive sentences)!

Active Sentences

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Sentences

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

2)  What is relative clauses? Find the passage contain relative clauses and determine their relative pronouns?

Relactive Pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that. The relative pronoun we use depends on what we are referring to and the type of relative clause.

Examples:

• Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
• Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
• A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
• I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
• I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

{  There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
A person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose  parents ..
A thing	which/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which - The oak a tree that - This is a book whose author

Note 1      : The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be

             followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional

             tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2      : The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples:

            FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the

            year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

3)  Find the theory of conditional sentences! How many types are there? Make example of each type (5 for each type)

Conditional sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as “the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional
Mixed type	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	Past perfect	Present conditional

 

The zero conditional

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If+Simple Present Tense

Example :

·         If it rains the grass gets wet

·         If you run, you sweat

Type 1 conditional

          The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If+Simple Future Tense

Example:

·         If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the train.

·         If it rains today, you’ll get wet

 

Type 2 conditional

          The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If+Simple Past Tense

Example:

·         If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so tired.

·         If it rained, you would get wet.

Type 3 conditional

          The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If+Past Perfect Tense

Example:

·         If you had studied harder, you would’ve passed the exam

·         If it had rained, you would’ve gotten wet

Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If+Past Perfect or Simple Past Tense

Example:

·         If we had looked at the map, we wouldn’t be lost

·         If I had worked harder at school, i would have a better job now.

Reference :

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/relative-pronouns

Assignment 1

Nama :Nungky R.A

NPM :26213576

Kelas :3EB22

1)      Simple Present, Present Continous, Simple Past, Past Continous .Find the theory about these tenses, the function and give 5 examples of each tense !

Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to describe the present activities or to talk about routines or habits.

Function :

1.      Facts, Generalizations and Univeral Truths

Use the Present Simple to talk about universal truths (for example, laws of nature) or things we believe are, or are not, true. It's also used to generalize about something or somebody.

2.      Habits and Routines

use this tense to describe actions that happen frequently. For example: habits, routines, tendencies.

3.      Pernament Situation

Use the Present Simple to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time.

4.      Events Certain to Happen

Use the Present Simple when an event is certain to happen in the future.

5.      State Verb

You should use the Present Simple with state verbs.

Example:

·         The Earth goes around the Sun.

·         My husband watches the TV in the evening.

·         He works as a fireman.

·         Winter starts on December 21.

·         I like swimming.

Present Continous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (not at the moment). Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans.

Function:

1.      Present Action use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking

2.      Temporary Action used for activities continuing only for a limited period of time.

3.      Future (personal) Arrangements and Plans use the Present Continuous to show that something is planned and will be done in the near future.

4.      Tendencies and Trend used for expressing tendencies or trends.

5.      Irritation or Anger use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly.

Example:

·         You are learning English now

·         I am meeting some friends after work.

·         I don't like them because they are always complaining.

·         They are reading their books.

·         Is he sitting or standing?

Simple Past talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long. There can be a few actions happening one ofter another.

Function:

1.      Comleted Action in the past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind..

2.      A searies of completed actions use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

3.      Duration in Past used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

4.      Habits in the Past used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

5.      Past Fact or Generalizations used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Example:

·         Last year, I traveled to Japan.

·         I saw a movie yesterday.

·         I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

·         I lived in Brazil for two years.

·         She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

Past Continues is very often used with the past simple to say that something happened in the middle of something else. In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous).

Function:

1.      Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

2.      Speciffic Time as an Interruption USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

3.      Parallel Action When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

4.      Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past

5.      Repetition and Irritation with “Always” The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Example:

·         I had my car fixed because it wasn't working properly.

·         Many people were shopping in the market when the bomb exploded.

·         What were you doing when the lights went off last night?

·         Sorry, I wasn't listening. Can you say it again please?

·         How fast was she driving when she had the accident?

Tenses  is a grammatical category that helps locate a situation in time. The tenses can be present, past or future.

In many languages, tenses are not as important as in English (in some languages, they don't even exist!). In the English language, tenses are especially important because they tell us not only about the time but also about the aspect of the verb.

2)      Subject – Verb Agreement

What is that? Make max 10 examples !

Subject – Verb Agreement is simply means the subject and verb mustagree in number. This means both need be singular or both need to be plural. Subject/Verb Agreement Examples.

Example:

·         My dog always growls at the postal carrier.

·         I don’t understand the assignment.

·         Basketballs roll across the floor.

·         These clothes are too small for me.

·         Carl doesn’t like vegetables.

·         A car and a bike are my means of transportation

·         The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.

·         Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.

·         A third of the people are unemployed.

·         Three miles is too far to walk.

3)      What is Pronoun? Find the kinds of pronoun give 5 examples of each kind of pronoun

·         Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours and ourselves.

Kinds Of Pronoun:

1.      Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

2.      Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person. e.g. yours, mine, his,  hers, ours, theirs, hers.

3.      Reflixive Pronoun members of the subclass:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

4.      Relative Pronoun members of the subclass:that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when

5.      Demonstrative Pronoun members of the subclass:this, that, these, those

6.      Introgative Pronoun members of the subclass:who, what, why, where, when, whatever

7.      Indefinite Pronoun members of the subclass:anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, none, no one

8.      Reciprocal Pronoun members of the subclass:each other, one another

9.      Subject Pronoun members of the subclass: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

10.  Object Pronoun members of the subclass: hey come after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).

Example:

·         They are playing chess.

·         The teacher appreciated them.

·         They received your letter. Did you received theirs.

·         The smallest cup is yours.

·         There's somethingin my shoe