Assignment 1

Nama :Nungky R.A

NPM :26213576

Kelas :3EB22

1)      Simple Present, Present Continous, Simple Past, Past Continous .Find the theory about these tenses, the function and give 5 examples of each tense !

Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to describe the present activities or to talk about routines or habits.

Function :

1.      Facts, Generalizations and Univeral Truths

Use the Present Simple to talk about universal truths (for example, laws of nature) or things we believe are, or are not, true. It's also used to generalize about something or somebody.

2.      Habits and Routines

use this tense to describe actions that happen frequently. For example: habits, routines, tendencies.

3.      Pernament Situation

Use the Present Simple to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time.

4.      Events Certain to Happen

Use the Present Simple when an event is certain to happen in the future.

5.      State Verb

You should use the Present Simple with state verbs.

Example:

·         The Earth goes around the Sun.

·         My husband watches the TV in the evening.

·         He works as a fireman.

·         Winter starts on December 21.

·         I like swimming.

Present Continous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (not at the moment). Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans.

Function:

1.      Present Action use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking

2.      Temporary Action used for activities continuing only for a limited period of time.

3.      Future (personal) Arrangements and Plans use the Present Continuous to show that something is planned and will be done in the near future.

4.      Tendencies and Trend used for expressing tendencies or trends.

5.      Irritation or Anger use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly.

Example:

·         You are learning English now

·         I am meeting some friends after work.

·         I don't like them because they are always complaining.

·         They are reading their books.

·         Is he sitting or standing?

Simple Past talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long. There can be a few actions happening one ofter another.

Function:

1.      Comleted Action in the past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind..

2.      A searies of completed actions use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

3.      Duration in Past used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

4.      Habits in the Past used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

5.      Past Fact or Generalizations used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Example:

·         Last year, I traveled to Japan.

·         I saw a movie yesterday.

·         I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

·         I lived in Brazil for two years.

·         She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

Past Continues is very often used with the past simple to say that something happened in the middle of something else. In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous).

Function:

1.      Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

2.      Speciffic Time as an Interruption USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

3.      Parallel Action When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

4.      Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past

5.      Repetition and Irritation with “Always” The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Example:

·         I had my car fixed because it wasn't working properly.

·         Many people were shopping in the market when the bomb exploded.

·         What were you doing when the lights went off last night?

·         Sorry, I wasn't listening. Can you say it again please?

·         How fast was she driving when she had the accident?

Tenses  is a grammatical category that helps locate a situation in time. The tenses can be present, past or future.

In many languages, tenses are not as important as in English (in some languages, they don't even exist!). In the English language, tenses are especially important because they tell us not only about the time but also about the aspect of the verb.

2)      Subject – Verb Agreement

What is that? Make max 10 examples !

Subject – Verb Agreement is simply means the subject and verb mustagree in number. This means both need be singular or both need to be plural. Subject/Verb Agreement Examples.

Example:

·         My dog always growls at the postal carrier.

·         I don’t understand the assignment.

·         Basketballs roll across the floor.

·         These clothes are too small for me.

·         Carl doesn’t like vegetables.

·         A car and a bike are my means of transportation

·         The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.

·         Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.

·         A third of the people are unemployed.

·         Three miles is too far to walk.

3)      What is Pronoun? Find the kinds of pronoun give 5 examples of each kind of pronoun

·         Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours and ourselves.

Kinds Of Pronoun:

1.      Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

2.      Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person. e.g. yours, mine, his,  hers, ours, theirs, hers.

3.      Reflixive Pronoun members of the subclass:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

4.      Relative Pronoun members of the subclass:that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when

5.      Demonstrative Pronoun members of the subclass:this, that, these, those

6.      Introgative Pronoun members of the subclass:who, what, why, where, when, whatever

7.      Indefinite Pronoun members of the subclass:anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, none, no one

8.      Reciprocal Pronoun members of the subclass:each other, one another

9.      Subject Pronoun members of the subclass: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

10.  Object Pronoun members of the subclass: hey come after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).

Example:

·         They are playing chess.

·         The teacher appreciated them.

·         They received your letter. Did you received theirs.

·         The smallest cup is yours.

·         There's somethingin my shoe