Nama :Nungky
R.A
NPM :26213576
Kelas :3EB22
1)
Explain
cleary about active and passive sentences!
Give example (5 active sentences and 5 passive sentences)!
Active Sentences
In active
sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing
doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
Passive Sentences
In passive
sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and
the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.
You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action
is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if
you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is
doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
Examples:
Active / Passive Overview
|
Tense
|
Active
|
Passive
|
|
Simple Present
|
Once a week, Tom
cleans the house.
|
Once a week, the
house is cleaned
by Tom.
|
|
Present
Continuous
|
Right now, Sarah
is writing the letter.
|
Right now, the
letter is being written
by Sarah.
|
|
Simple Past
|
Sam repaired the car.
|
The car was repaired by Sam.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The salesman was helping the customer when
the thief came into the store.
|
The customer was being helped by the
salesman when the thief came into the store.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Many tourists have visited that castle.
|
That castle has been visited by many
tourists.
|
|
Present Perfect
Continuous
|
Recently, John has been doing the work.
|
Recently, the
work has been being done
by John.
|
|
Past Perfect
|
George had repaired many cars before
he received his mechanic's license.
|
Many cars had been repaired by George
before he received his mechanic's license.
|
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
Chef Jones had been preparing the
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
|
The restaurant's
fantastic dinners had
been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he
moved to Paris.
|
2) What is relative clauses?
Find the passage contain relative clauses and determine their relative
pronouns?
Relactive Pronouns
Relative pronouns introduce relative
clauses. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that.
The relative pronoun we use depends on what we are referring to and the type of
relative clause.
Examples:
- Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
- Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
- A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
- I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
- I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
- Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
{
There
is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the
relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like
very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned,
and it is rarely used in spoken English.
Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their
preceding noun:
|
Preceding
noun
|
Relative
pronoun
|
Examples
|
|
A person
|
who(m)/that,
whose
|
- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents .. |
|
A thing
|
which/that,
whose
|
- Do you have a computer which - The oak a tree that - This is a book whose author |
Note 1 : The relative pronoun whose is used
in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be
followed by a noun. Example: There's
a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional
tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional
tennis player.)
Note 2 : The relative pronouns where and when
are used with place and time nouns. Examples:
FIS is a school where children
from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the
year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers
in New York.
Some relative clauses are not used to
define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information
about it. Here are some examples:
- My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
- The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
- Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
- The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
- My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
- In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.
Note 1: The relative
pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be
followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a
professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional
tennis player.)
Note 2: The relative
pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns.
Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are
educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New
York.
Some
relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to
give extra information about it. Here are some examples:
- My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
- The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
- Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
- The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
- My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
- In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.
Note
1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences
above, must be separated off by commas.
Note
2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an
extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil
Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.
Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to
stand on the moon.
3) Find the theory of
conditional sentences! How many types are there? Make example of each type (5
for each type)
Conditional sentences
Conditional
tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional
contain the word if.
Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in
one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as “the unreal past"
because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that
happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In
many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless"
instead of "if".
|
Conditional
sentence type
|
Usage
|
If clause
verb tense
|
Main
clause verb tense
|
|
Zero
|
General truths
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
|
Type 1
|
A possible condition and its probable result
|
Simple present
|
Simple future
|
|
Type 2
|
A hypothetical condition and its probable result
|
Simple past
|
Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
|
|
Type 3
|
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the
past
|
Past perfect
|
Perfect conditional
|
|
Mixed type
|
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the
present
|
Past perfect
|
Present conditional
|
The zero conditional
The zero conditional is used for when the
time being referred to is now
or always and the
situation is real
and possible. The
zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both
parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the
word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without
changing the meaning.
If+Simple Present Tense
Example
:
·
If it
rains the grass gets wet
·
If you
run, you sweat
Type 1 conditional
The
type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a
possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is
in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
If+Simple Future Tense
Example:
·
If you
don’t hurry, you’ll miss the train.
·
If it
rains today, you’ll get wet
Type 2 conditional
The
type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact.
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its
probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple
past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If+Simple Past Tense
Example:
·
If you
went to bed earlier, you would not be so tired.
·
If it
rained, you would get wet.
Type 3 conditional
The
type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the
opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an
unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional
sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the
perfect conditional.
If+Past Perfect Tense
Example:
·
If you
had studied harder, you would’ve passed the exam
·
If it
had rained, you would’ve gotten wet
Mixed type conditional
The mixed type conditional is used to refer
to a time that is in
the past, and a
situation that is ongoing
into the present. The
facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type
conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable
result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses
the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If+Past Perfect or Simple Past Tense
Example:
·
If we
had looked at the map, we wouldn’t be lost
·
If I
had worked harder at school, i would have a better job now.
Reference
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